I: am
Is: He, she, it
Are: We, you, they
Aff.: He is a hot dog man.
Int.: Is he a hot dog man?
Neg.: He is not (isn't) a hot dog man.
*'hot dog man' é uma gíria americana que significa 'otário'.
Was: I, he, she, it
Were: We, they, you
Aff.: You were blue.
Int.: Were you blue?
Neg.: You were not (weren't) blue.
*'blue' neste caso significa 'chateado'.
3. SIMPLE PRESENT
Ações rotineiras; verdade universal.
Do/Do not(Don't): I, we, they, you
Does/Does not(Doesn't): He, She, It
Obs.: usa-se 's' na afirmativa na terceira pessoa do singular.
eg1.: He sweats a lot.
eg2.: They make many speeches.
eg3.: Daniel comes to school by streetcar.
*a lot: very much = muito
*speeches: discursos
*streetcar: trolley = bondinho
Aff.: Charles has a lot of mightmare.
Int.: Does Charles have a lot of mightmare?
Neg.: Charles does not (doesn't) have a lot of mightmare.
*mares: égua
*mightmare: pesadelo
Aff.: Phill and Tom overspend money.
Int.: Do Phill and Tom overspend money?
Neg.: Phill and Tom do not (don't) overspend money.
*quando se tem OVER como prefixo de um verbo, significa DEMAIS:
overeat: comer demais
overspend: gastar demais
Obs.: ss, ch, x, o, sh na terceira pessoa, usaremos 'es' na afirmativa:
eg1.: He burns his breakfast.
eg2.: They kiss all the time.
eg3.: Once in a blue moon Debbie goes to Norway.
eg4.: I teach greek.
*once in a blue moon: uma vez na vida, uma vez na morte
*to fix: to repair: consertar/preparar
*lunch: almoço
*snack: lanche
*snack bar: lanchonete
*breakfast: café-da-manhã
OBSERVAÇÕES FINAIS:
1. vogal + Y = Y +S
2. consoante + Y = IES
3. frases negativas e interrogativas: não se altera o verbo em nenhuma pessoa.
Obs.: ADVÉRBIOS DE FREQUÊNCIA necessitam de SIMPLE PRESENT:
seldom = raramente
hardly ever = dificilmente
once in a blue moon = uma vez na vida uma vez na morte
always = sempre
rarely = raramente
almost = quase nunca
never = nunca
once in a while = sometimes = de vez em quando
USO DO ADVÉRBIO 'SOMETIMES':
Sometimes I dance on Fridays. >> no início da frase, é para dar ênfase.
I sometimes make mousse. >> no meio da frase, fica antes do verbo principal.
He sometimes eats tuna pizza. >> no meio da frase, fica antes do verbo principal.
Raphael writes books sometimes. >> no final da frase, tem o mesmo significado de NOW AND THEN (ás vezes).
eg1.: Milena hardly ever fishes.
eg2.: Barbosa sometimes burps.
eg3.: Sometimes my maid lays the table.
eg4.: He never spits on the street.
>quando se tem VERT TO BE + ADVÉRBIO DE FREQUÊNCIA, o advérbio vem depois:
He is always punctual.
*to fish: pescar
*maid: empregada
*to lay: pôr
*to spit: cuspir
4. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
É o que está ocorrendo no momento.
Verb to be + ing
Aff.: She is sweeping the yard.
Int.: Is she sweeping the yard?
Neg.: She is not (isn't) sweeping the yard.
*to sweep: varrer
*yard = backyard: quintal
Obs.: verbos terminados em CVC (Consoante, Vogal, Consoante), dobra-se a última consoante.
cut: cutting
swim: swimming
put: putting
begin: beginning
Obs.: verbos terminados em 'e', tira-se o 'e' e acrescenta-se 'ing'.
He is coming in a few minutes. (come: coming = vir)
She is lying to me. (lie: lying = mentir)
Eg.: Alguns verbos não se usa 'ing' somente no simple present.
to need, to understand, to want
I need money. >> não se usa 'I am needing money.'
I want more time.
Obs.: Y precedido de CONSOANTE, troca-se o Y por IES.
He cries a lot.
Does he cry a lot?
He does not (doesn't) cry a lot.
Obs.: Y precedido de VOGAL, acrescenta-se S.
play: plays
*porch: varanda de casa
*balcony: varanda de apartamento
*counter: balcão
5. PAST CONTINUOUS
Estava acontecendo em um determinado momento.
to be + Was/Were + ing
Let's remenber!
Was: I, He, She, It
Were: We, They, You
Aff.: You were making a scrumptious tuna sandwich.
Int.: Were you making a scrumptious tuna sandwich?
Neg.: You were not (weren't) making a scrumptious tuna sandwich.
6. FUTURE
will + verb
Aff.: Milena will watch samba parade on carnival.
Int.: Will Milena watch samba parade on carnival?
Neg.: Milena will not (won't) watch samba parade on carnival.
eg1.: They will buy a trreadmill.
eg2.: That dog will bark as will you come here.
*treadmill: esteira
*as will you: assim que você
7. FUTURE WITH 'GOING TO'
Futuro planejado.
verb to be + going to + verb
eg1.: He is going to freeze the turkey.
eg2.: They are going to take vacation in july.
*turkey: peru
Aff.: Phill and Felipp are going to take a nap.
Int.: Are Phill and Pelipp going to take a nap?
Neg.: Phill and Felipp are not (aren't) going to take a nap.
*to take a nap: tirar um cochilo
8. SIMPLE PAST
Ter atenção quais verbos são regulares e quais são irregulares!
Ex1.: Verbo regular: To count = counted = contar/considerar
Aff.: The pupil counted on his best friend.
Int.: Did the pupil count on his best friend?
Neg.: The pupil Did not (didn't) on his best friend.
Ex2.: Verbo Irregular: To pay = paid = pagar
Aff.: Daniel paid many bills yesterday.
Int.: Did Daniel pay bills yesterday?
Neg.: Daniel did not (didn't) many bills yesterday.
*bills: contas
Ex3.: To smoke = smoked = fumar
Aff.: He smoked yesterday.
Int.: Did he smoke yesterday?
Neg.: He did not (didn't) smoke yesterday.
9. THERE IS & THERE IS NOT (ISN'T)
Usa-se no presente e singular.
Tem que ter antigo.
Há/Existe
eg.: There is a savior.
Aff.: There is an ugly girl over there.
Int.: Is there an ugly girl over there?
Neg.: There is not (isn't) an ugly girl over there.
10. THERE ARE & THERE ARE NOT (AREN'T)
Usa-se no present e plural.
Não há artigo.
Há/Existem
Aff.: There are many old magazines on the coffee table.
Int.: Are there many old magazines on the coffee table?
Neg.: There are (aren't) many old magazines on the coffee table.
11. THERE WAS & THERE WAS NOT (WASN'T)
Usa-se no past e singular.
Havia/Existia
Aff.: There was a different movie on TV last night.
Int.: Was there a different movie on TV last night?
Neg.: There was not (wasn't) a different movie on TV last night.
12. THERE WERE & THERE WERE NOT (WEREN'T)
Usa-se no past e pural.
Havia/Existiam
Aff.: There were many awful movies on TV last month.
Int.: Were there many awful movies on TV last month?
Neg.: There were not (weren't) many awful movies on TV last month.
*awful = terrible = terrível
13. THERE WILL BE & THERE WILL NOT (WON'T) BE
Usa-se no future.
Haverá/Terá
Aff.: There will be a sitcom on TV next week.
Int.: Will there be a sitcom on TV next week?
Neg.: There will not (won't) be a sitcom on TV next week.
14. THERE IS GOING TO BE & THERE IS NOT (ISN'T) GOING TO BE
Usa-se para futuro planejado.
Vai haver/Vai ter
Aff.: There is going to be a wedding 2 days from now.
Int.: Is there going to be a wedding 2 days from now?
Neg.: There is not (isn't) going to be a wedding 2 days from now.
15. IMPERATIVE FORM
Ordem, pedido ou convite.
Ex.: Eat less fa! - Coma menos gordura!
Ex.: Don't sleep! - Não durma!
Obs1.: Na forma negativa, sempre usará DON'T + VERBO.
Obs2.: Os verbos, tanto na afirmativa quanto na negativa, sempre são usados sem o TO e na forma primitiva.
16. LET = LET + US
Let's go to all you can eat later.
Let's memorize that list.
Let's not study on Carnival.
Obs.: O verbo sempre usado na forma primitiva e sem o TO.
17. PRESENT PERFECT
Ações não definidas.
Ação que aconteceu e continua.
HAS/HAVE + PP
Let's Remenber!
has: he, she, it
have: I, you, we, they
eg1.: He has been a file.
eg2.: I have bought some books.
Aff.: Your nephew has bought new CDs.
Int.: Has your nephew bought new CDs?
Neg.: Your nephew has not (hasn't) bought new CDs.
-----------------------------------------------
ATTENTION!
I have gone to the beach. X I went to the beach last week.
No Simple Past tem tempo definido, diferente do Present Perfect, que não tem.
---------------------------------------
ATTENTION!
I have gone to Penedo. = Ele foi.
X
I have been to Penedo. = Ele foi e voltou.
----------------------------------------------
Have you done translations? - Você fez as traduções?
Yes, I have!
No, I haven't!
Has your mother made tuna sandwich for you? - Sua mãe fez sanduíche de atum para você?
Yes, she has!
No, she hasn't!
----------------------------------------------
FOR X SINCE
eg1.: I have read for [years, weeks, days, hours...].
eg2.: She's studied Japonese since [last year, last week, 2009, 9 o' clock ...].
---------------------------------------
ADVERBS
A. ALREADY: em frases afirmativas e interrogativas com sentido de JÁ (com sentido de rotina).
I've already made the bed. - Eu já fiz a cama.
Have you already done your lesson? - Você já fez a lição?
B. YET: no final de frases interrogativas com sentido de JÁ ou AINDA.
Have you made friends on your MSN yet? - Você já fez amigos em seu MSN?
Haven't you called your cousin yet? - Você ainda não chamou sua prima?
C. JUST: apenas, acabei de, justo
I've just explained it. - Eu acabei de explicar isto.
She's just sent this e-mail. - Ela acabou de enviar este e-mail.
D. NEVER: nunca
I've never heard about it. - Eu nunca li sobre isto.
I've never seen this movie. - Eu nunca vi este filme.
E. EVER: já (ação não rotineira)
Have your ever eaten octopus? - Você já comeu polvo?
Not yet. - Ainda não.
No, I haven't.
Yes, I've already eaten it. - Sim, eu já comi isto.
No, I have never eaten it. - Não, eu nunca comi isto.
-------------------------------------------
ATTENTION!
Have you already done the dishes? - coisa rotineira
X
Have you ever been to cataguazes? - não rotineira
-------------------------------------------
18. FUTURE WITH 'SHALL'
Shall - We or I
Shall we dance?
Shall I open the window? = Do you want me to open the window?
I shall travel. = I will travel.
19. FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Futuro Contínuo ou Future Progressive é um tempo verbal que denota uma ação futura com continuidade, progressividade.
will + be + ing
Aff.: Debbie will be planning her day.
Int.: Will Debbie be planning her day?
Neg.: Debbie will not (won't) planning her day.
20. FUTURE PERFECT
Refere-se a ações que estarão terminadas (ou não) em um determinado momento do futuro.
will + have + PP
Aff.: He will have typed that text.
Int.: Will he have typed that text?
Neg.: He will not (won't) typed that text.
21. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
É usado, basicamente, para enfatizar a continuidade de uma ação que começou no passado e que se prolonga até o presente.
Have/Has + been + ing
Aff.: They have been running.
Int.: Have they been running?
Neg.: They have not (haven't) been running.
22. PAST PERFECT
É usado para expressar uma ação que ocorreu no passado antes de uma outra ação ter ocorrido.
had + PP
eg.: When I arrived, my mother had already made dinner.
Quando cheguei, minha mãe já tinha feito a janta.
Aff.: He had memorized those verbs.
Int.: Had he memorized those verbs?
Neg.: He had not (hadn't) those verbs.
23. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
É usado para enfatizar a repetição ou a duração de uma ação no passado anterior à outra ação também no passado.
had + been + ing
eg.: When I got at the office, my boss had been making calls.
Quando cheguei ao escritório, meu chefe estava fazendo ligações.
Aff.: They had been shaving themselves. - Eles estavam se barbeando.
Int.: Had they been shaving themselves?
Neg.: They had not (hadn't) been shaving themselves.
