[20] DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH

DISCURSO DIRETO | DISCURSO INDIRETO

Photo: https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/hPXywKjILmmdREccls-SQmR-8xdCXSbEOBrWZ6Mn5xaj5U3s_ccSeDTmqWrAkemZ6Q79JF3MJdpqZkaEr8taGaIu2WgVhYC4DmDDYenwhq_rjC8SqQpGrRoBNnU

Sourche: http://www.teacherdiane.com/blog/reported-speech

Há duas formas de relatar o que alguém disse:

I. Direct Speech: He said: “I am sick today”.

II. Indirect Speech: He said (that) he was sick that day.

Ou seja, é como fazemos no Português. Passando o exemplo acima para nossa língua, fica assim:

I. Discurso Direto: Ele disse: “Eu estou doente hoje”.

II. Discurso Indireto: Ele disse que estava doente naquele dia.

Para passarmos do Discurso Direto para o Indireto, precisamos modificar o tempo verbal, o advérbio e, às vezes, o pronome. Observe as mudanças mais frequentes:

I.

Direct Speech: He said: “I live here”.

Tempo verbal: Simple Present

Tradução: Ele disse: “Eu moro aqui”.

Indirect Speech: He said (that) he lived there.

Tempo verbal: Simple Past

Tradução: Ele disse que morou lá.

II.

Direct Speech: He said: “She will give me a book tomorrow”.

Tempo verbal: Simple Future

Tradução: Ele disse: “Ela me dá dará um livre amanhã”.

Indirect Speech: He said (that) she would give him a book the next day.

Tempo verbal: Simple Conditional

Tradução: Ele disse que ela daria um livro a ele no outro dia.

III.

Direct Speech: He said: “I was reading these books”.

Tempo verbal: Past Continuous

Tradução: Ele disse: “Eu estava lendo esses livros”.

Indirect Speech: He said (that) he had been reading those books.

Tempo verbal: Past Perfect Continuous

Tradução: Ele disse que ele estava lendo aqueles livros.

IV.

Direct Speech: He said: “You can do this”.

Tempo verbal:  Anomalous Verb

Tradução: Ele disse: “Eu posso fazer isso”.

Indirect Speech: He said (that) I could do that.

Tempo verbal: Anomalous Verb

Tradução: Ele disse que eu poderia fazer isso.

V.

Direct Speech: He said: “I worked yesterday”.

Tempo verbal: Simple Past

Tradução: Ele disse: “Eu trabalhei ontem”.

Indirect Speech: He said (that) he had worked the day before.

Tempo verbal: Past Perfect

Tradução: Ele disse que ele estudou (tinha estudado) antes de ontem.

VI.

Direct Speech: He said: “She is cleaning my room now”.

Tempo verbal: Present Continuous

Tradução: Ele disse: “Ela está limpando meu quarto agora”.

Indirect Speech: He said (that) she was cleaning his room then.

Tempo verbal: Past Continuous

Tradução: Ele disse que ela estava limpando o quarto dele.

Observação: o ‘then’ significa ‘até então’, ‘até o momento’, ‘nessa ocasião’.

VII.

Direct Speech: He said: “You’ve arrived late”. (have arrived)

Tempo verbal: Present Perfect

Tradução: Ele disse: “Você chegou atrasado”.

Indirect Speech: He said (that) you had arrived late.

Tempo verbal: Past Perfect

Tradução: Ele disse que você chegou (tinha chegado) atrasado.

VIII.

Direct Speech: He said: “We must go”.

Tempo verbal: Anomalous Verb

Tradução: Ele disse: “Nós devemos ir”.

Indirect Speech: He said (that) they had to go.

Tempo verbal: Anomalous Verb

Tradução: Ele disse que eles tinham que ir.

PARTICULARIDADES

I. Frases Imperativas

I.a.

Direct Speech: He said: “Go now”.

Tradução: Ele disse: “Vá agora”.

Indirect Speech: He told/asked me to go then.

Tradução: Ele me disse para ir.

I.b.

Direct Speech: He said: “Don’t go”.

Tradução: Ele disse: “Não vá”.

Indirect Speech: He told/asked me not to go.

Tradução: Ele me disse para não ir.

II. Frases Interrogativas

II.a.

Direct Speech: He said: “What do you like?”

Tradução: Ele disse: “O que você gosta?”

Indirect Spech: He asked me what I liked.

Tradução: Ele perguntou-me o que eu gostava.

II.b.

Direct Speech: He said: “Do you like coffee?”

Tradução: Ele disse: “Você gosta de café?”

Indirect Speech: He asked me if I liked coffee.

Tradução: Ele perguntou-me se eu gostava de café.

III. Say | tell

Direct Speech: He said to Mary: “I love you”.

Tradução: Ele disse para Maria: “Eu amo você”.

Indirect Speech: He told Mary (that) he loved her.

Tradução: Ele contou a Maria que a amava.

IV. would/should/could/might/ought to | não mudam

Direct Speech: He said: “I might go”.

Tradução: Ele disse: “Eu devo ir”.

Indirect Speech: He said (that) he might go.

Tradução: Ele disse que ele devia ir.

OBSERVAÇÃO:

Quando o discurso reproduzido continuar sendo válido no momento do relato, a mudança do tempo verbal não é obrigatória.

Exemplo:

Direct Speech: Dr. Jenkins said: “Sun rays produce skin cancer”.

Tradução: Doutor Jenkins disse: “Raios solares causam câncer de pele”.

Indirect Speech: Dr. Jenkins said (that) sun rays produce/produced skin cancer.

Tradução: Doutor Jankins disse que raios solares causam/causavam câncer de pele.

RESUMO

I. Mudança nos tempos verbais

Direct Speech | Indirect Speech

Simple Present | Simple Past

Simple Future | Simple Conditional

Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous

Anomalous Verb | Anomalous Verb

Simple Past | Past Perfect

Present Continuous | Past Continuous

Present Perfect | Past Perfect

Frase Imperative | particularidade I

Frase Interrogativa | particularidade II

II. Advérbios

Direct Speech | Indirect Speech

Here | there

Tomorrow | the next day

Yesterday | the day before

Now | then

>> EXERCÍCIOS:

http://www.ativarconcursos.blogspot.com/2018/12/direct-speech-indirect-speech-exercicios.html

>> GABARITO: ... em breve!!!

Observation Class - Review PC2

01. [ cognitive - free - placebo - decaffinated - jittery ]
a. I usually get jittery when I drink a lot of coffee.
b. I believe caffeine improves memory and cognitive abilities.
c. I prefer caffeibe-free drinks and decaffinated coffee.

eg.: the placebo effects

02. [influence] [exert - use - fall under - lose - have ]
a. Football players exert an infuence on young boy.
b. Politians are always using their influence to get some advantages.
c. People fall under the influence of advertising, even if they do not notice it.

03. Fashion
- retro
- fashionable
- conventional
- designer labels
- trendy

04. Marketing
- market share
- competitors
- target audience
- brand image
- sales pitch

DISCUSS ABOUT... - How do companies build a strong brand identity?
- How important are designer labels for you?
- How would you describe your fashion style?

- Brands enhance your sense of belonging.
- Adverts are always effective ways of persuading people to buy.
- Viral campaigns are very effective ways to sell a product.

"Whether people like it or not, my marketing thought is if you keep something in front of people for too long they get used to it."

[Shahrukh Khan]

"Marketing is what you do when your product is no good."

[Edwin Land]

Restaurant/Spirit de corps

- What will you get your mother for her next birthday?

- Whatever she likes

- Write a essay about a restaurant

Extra Vocabulary:

- to dub: investigar

- peers: pares

- to decide on

- trendy: na moda, tendência

- freebies: cortesias, brindes

- entrées: entradas

- easy-to-use: fácil de usar

- hype

- bottom nav bar for: barra de navegação inferior

- whatever you want

- ambience: ambiente

- appetizes: aperitivos

- average: média, taxa

A sense of belonging

- sense of belonging

- bond with

- get territorial

- pride in

- (a sense of) loyalty to

- lifelong friends

- a part of a (larger) group

- belonging to

- feeling you are part of a larger group

- developing a sense of loyality to people

- learning not to get territorial about things

- becoming bonded with the group

[page 97 - number 04]

01. I felt as if I was part of a larger group.

01. Senti como se eu fosse parte de um grupo maior.

02. You develop a sense of loyalty to these people.

02. Você desenvolve uma sensação de lealdade a essas pessoas.

03. What was your experience of being in the army and belonging to this organisation?

03. Qual foi a sua experiência de estar no exército e pertencer a esta organização?

04. You can't get territorial about things.

05. There was a strong temptation to rejoin the army, and that's how they get you, you know, because you are so bonded with your group.

05. Houve uma forte tentação de se juntar ao Exército, e é assim que eles o conseguem, você sabe, porque está tão ligado ao seu grupo.

[page 97 - number 01]

01. I joined... (b/d)

02. I got involved in... (b/f)

03. I teamed up with... (a/c) --- To team up: juntar-se

04. I got to know... (a/c)

05. I signed up for... (d/e)

06. I enrolled in (b/d/e)

07. I became a member of... (b)

08. I collaborated with... (a/c)

(a)... a lot of people.

(b)... the Scottish National Party.

(c)... a few colleagues from work.

(d)... a drawing class.

(e)... a training course.

(f)... politics.

[page 104 - number 01b]
Adverbial Phrases that can start a clause or sentence
not untill
not once
not only
very rarely
at no time
in no way
only now
only recently

[page 104 - number 02a]
01. I should add that at no time/not only have I, or anyone on my behalf, received a complaint.
02. In no way does the crisis threaten their business.
03. Seven years I've known him and not once has he let me down.
04. Usually you audition for things so many times. Very rarely do you get the dream call.
05. Only now have we discovered what the real problem was.

[page 104 - number 03]
01. The business started slowly, but now we are marking a profit.
Only now are we marking a profit.

02. He didin't pick up the phone to see how I was.
At no time dod he pick up the phone.

03. I hardly ever rains here in July.
Very rarely does ir rain here in July.

04. I didn't realise my bag was gone untill we were leaving the bar.
Not until we were leaving the bar did I realise my bag was gone.

05. It's pouring with rain, and it's also freezing!
Not only is it pouring with rain, but it is also freezing!

06. Not until we left, I saw him.
Not until we left, did I see him.

CLIMATE
[page 106 - number 03] Ideas which could be used to fight global warming
- a huge glass sunshade in space
- fire rockets loaded with sulphur
- to pump fine particles of sea water into the clounds
- plankton farms
- artificial trees

[page 114 - number 02]
01. The government are refusing to allow continued industrial development at Cherry Point, a major fish-spawning ground where the fish are desappearing.

02. The low-lying farmland near the coast is susceptible to flooding, and the coast itself is being eroded.

03. In many areas, new drought-resistant crops are being introduced.

04. The number of sea turtles coming to the island to breed is increasing.

05. The population of foxes in the region, who benefit from the presence of humans, is declining.

- gradually (1/2/3/4)
- rapidly (1/2/3/4/5)
- noticeably (1/2/3/4/5)
- experimentally (2/3)
- imperceptibly (2)
- steadily (1/2/3/4) >> a gradual progress
- alarmingly (2/4/5)
- dramatically (2/4/5)

Extra Vocabulary:
- to release
- to reduce
- to form
- to feed
- to increase
- to reflect
- to block
- to absorb
- to deflect
- to erode
- to introduce
- to decline
- to disappear

The Doomsday debate
[page 110]
- inevitable: it's certain to happen
- crucial: we really must do it
- pointless: it has no purpose
- feasible/practicable: it's possible to do it
- isn't really justified: ther's no good reason to do it
- worthwhile: it's a good idea

Observation Class [September 30th, 2017] Restaurant/Spirit de corps

Photo: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tJqlRHKpeUs/maxresdefault.jpg

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJqlRHKpeUs

- What will you get your mother for her next birthday?

- Whatever she likes

- Write a essay about a restaurant

Extra Vocabulary:

- to dub: investigar

- peers: pares

- to decide on

- trendy: na moda, tendência

- freebies: cortesias, brindes

- entrées: entradas

- easy-to-use: fácil de usar

- hype

- bottom nav bar for: barra de navegação inferior

- whatever you want

- ambience: ambiente

- appetizes: aperitivos

- average: média, taxa

A sense of belonging

- feeling you are part of a larger group

- developing a sense of loyality to people

- learning not to get territorial about things

- becoming bonded with the group

[page 97 - number 04]

01. I felt as if I was part of a larger group.

01. Senti como se eu fosse parte de um grupo maior.

02. You develop a sense of loyalty to these people.

02. Você desenvolve uma sensação de lealdade a essas pessoas.

03. What was your experience of being in the army and belonging to this organisation?

03. Qual foi a sua experiência de estar no exército e pertencer a esta organização?

04. You can't get territorial about things.

05. There was a strong temptation to rejoin the army, and that's how they get you, you know, because you are so bonded with your group.

05. Houve uma forte tentação de se juntar ao Exército, e é assim que eles o conseguem, você sabe, porque está tão ligado ao seu grupo.

[page 97 - number 01]

01. I joined... (b/d)

02. I got involved in... (b/f)

03. I teamed up with... (a/c) --- To team up: juntar-se

04. I got to know... (a/c)

05. I signed up for... (d/e)

06. I enrolled in (b/d/e)

07. I became a member of... (b)

08. I collaborated with... (a/c)

(a)... a lot of people.

(b)... the Scottish National Party.

(c)... a few colleagues from work.

(d)... a drawing class.

(e)... a training course.

(f)... politics.

Observation Class [September 23rd, 2017] PC1 (Review)

Source: https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-notepad-sign-fashion-marketing-wooden-background-image70357272

Photo: https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/notepad-sign-fashion-marketing-wooden-background-70357272.jpg

01. [ cognitive - free - placebo - decaffinated - jittery ]
a. I usually get jittery when I drink a lot of coffee.
b. I believe caffeine improves memory and cognitive abilities.
c. I prefer caffeibe-free drinks and decaffinated coffee.

eg.: the placebo effects

02. [influence] [exert - use - fall under - lose - have ]
a. Football players exert an infuence on young boy.
b. Politians are always using their influence to get some advantages.
c. People fall under the influence of advertising, even if they do not notice it.

03. Fashion
- retro
- fashionable
- conventional
- designer labels
- trendy

04. Marketing
- market share
- competitors
- target audience
- brand image
- sales pitch

DISCUSS ABOUT... - How do companies build a strong brand identity?
- How important are designer labels for you?
- How would you describe your fashion style?

- Brands enhance your sense of belonging.
- Adverts are always effective ways of persuading people to buy.
- Viral campaigns are very effective ways to sell a product.

"Whether people like it or not, my marketing thought is if you keep something in front of people for too long they get used to it."

[Shahrukh Khan]

"Marketing is what you do when your product is no good."

[Edwin Land]

Observation Class [June 24th, 2017] IS DUE TO

-- VARIATIONS --

You may vary the activities:
01. Celebrating Christmas
02. Having out of your parent home
03. Getting married
----- -----
[page 44]number 02]

01. something that will happen soon
>> + Infinitive
is due to
is about to

>> + Noun or verb + ing
on the point of
on the verge of
on the brink of

02. something that will certainly happen
>> + Infinitive
is due to
is sure to
is set to
is bound to
is certain to
is to
----- -----
[page 44/number 03]

By 2050 Africa, Southern Asia and Eastern Asia are bound to reach 62% of the earth's population.
(a) It will happen soon.
(b) It will certainly happen.
(c) It's less certain to happen.

01.
I'm sure there will be electrons next year. [certain]
There are certain to be electrons next year.

02.
The schedule says that the president will arrive here at 5pm. [set]
The president is set to arrive here at 5pm.

03.
Eating organic food will be a trend for some time. [bound]
Eating organic food is bound to be a trend for some time.

04.
The new pens will arrive very shortly. [point]
The new pens are on the point of arriving very shortly.

05.
The trial shall take place on 23 May. [due]
The trial is due to take place on 23 May.

06.
I think I'm going to turn down that job. [verge]
I think I'm on the verge of turning down that job.

07.
Life might not be so different in 2050. [unlikely]
Life is unlikely to be so different in 2050.

Observation Class [June 17th, 2017] Words

- grimy: covered in dirt/dirty

- squat: half sit, with legs bent

- pristine: very cleam

- snooozing: sleep for a short time

- softly lit: where lights are not very bright

- exquisite: of special beauty or charm

- stunted: undersized, small

Observation Class [July 01st, 2017] Things people do in streets or in buildings

[page 49]
- mugging: an attack in a public place in which money, etc is stolen from someone.
Verb: to mug - mugged - mugging
Assalto

- burglary: the crime of getting into a building illegally and stealing things
Burglar - Burgle - Burglarize
Roubo

- vandalism: the crime of intentionally damaging things in public places.
vandal - vandalize
Vandalismo

- riots: angry, violent behaviour by a crowd of people.
Tumultos

- pick-pocketing: someone who steals things from people's pockets.

- squatting:
to squat: to live in a empty building without the owner's permission.
squatter

- writing graffiti: pichação
Eg.: grafite >> graffiti artist

- busking:
To busk: to perform music in apublic place to get money from people walking post.

- robbery:
to robb - robber
roubo

- protest marches: marchas de protestos

- shoplifting: the crime of stealing things from a shop.
to shoplift - shoplifter

- street trading: comércio de rua
to trade: to buy and sell goods or srvious, specially between countries.

- hooliganism: hooliganismo

- begging:

- demonstrations: passeatas

- sleeping rough: to live and sleep outside because you have nowhere else to live.

- gang warfare: briga de gangues.

Observation Class [July 01st, 2017] Space - Cities and Buildings

Source: http://thelifestylelibrary.com/the-best-uk-spa-hotel-stays/

Photo: http://thelifestylelibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/gilpin-spa-traveller-5-24jun13-pr_b_1080x720-1000x667.jpg

[page 46]
- full of people: overcrowded
- left empty: abandoned
- improvised: makeshift
- existing outside: open-air
- unstable: precarious
- used for a limited time: provisional
- a piece of land rented for cultivation: allotment
- protection: refuge
- uninhabited and usually undesirable land that has no owner: no-man's land
----- -----
-- Cities --
- restful: tranquilo, sossegado (Positive)
- desolate: desolado, deserto (Negative)
- bustling: movimentado, agitado, barulhento (Positive)

-- Buildings --
- ramshackble: em ruínas (Negative)

-- Both --
- quaint: singular, estranho, algo velho mas que é admirável (Positive)
- run-down: área degradada (Negative)
- glitzy: altamente ostentativo, exuberante (Positive)
- picturesque: pitoresca (Positive)
- soulless: desumano (Negative)
- seedy: gasto, aparência sem graça (Negative)
----- -----
-- Collocations -- [page 47/number 06]
- property developers
- urban dwellers
- urban space
- public space
- city developers
- city dwellers
- basic needs
- living organism
- living space

Eg1.: dwellers: habitantes
Eg2.: developers: construtoras
----- -----
Eg1.: In some areas of the city the public space is occuped by restaurant tables.
Eg2.: I think urban planning in some Brazilian cities is chaotic.
Eg3.: Most city dwellers nowadays waste long hours in traffic.

Observation Class [May 27th, 2017] Collocations & Learning a Language

Source: https://faceukenglishclub.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/o-que-sao-collocations/

Photo: https://faceukenglishclub.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/collocations31.png

I.
01. It's extremely/highly questionable.
02. I'm fully aware of it.
Eg.:I'm fully aware they're alive.
Estou ciente de que estão vivos.
> Example taken from site http://context.reverso.net/traducao/ingles-portugues/I%27m+fully+aware

03. The book is extremely disappointing.
04. They are generally happy at work.
05. It's practially impossible to do that.
----- -----
II.
01. vividly remember
02. strongly agree/believe
03. thoroughly enjoy/regret - completamente
04. deeply regret
05. entirely agree
----- -----
III.
01. I vividly remember...
02. ...'s intentions/quality are/is highly/extremely questionable.
03. I'm fully aware of...
04. I deeply regret...
05. I strongly believe that...
----- -----

Source: http://chapadesigner3d.blogspot.com.br/2015/07/capa-de-dvd-avatar.html

Photo: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRbM8YXW9Nw4n2UfQDq7LOi5dFNr9nOKd2zsOP5P73TE7SFwXbYKRUe6sf2cnogPZtWOZ8RlzS4h5Ur7-7RRZc_e1D3rD2i0uvmoj-_L-RccQ1B7goNOcFTTPQPRISghBU7gGEze4Hzm0/s1600/Capa+De+Dvd+Avatar+By+Chapa+Designer.jpg

IV. When we are talking about films, books (for instance):
[[ SIMPRE PRESENT and PRESENT CONTINUOUS ]]

01. This book tells (telll) us the story of... >>> summarizing the plot
02. Ann is walking (walk) home alone when... >>> creating a sense of immediacy
03. It is (be) a brilliant film that... >>> expressing an opinion
----- -----
V. A BOOK/FILM/PLAY YOU DID NOT LIKE
01. It's a(n) obscure/well-known book/film
02. It's an account of... >>> É um relato de...
03. It didn't mean anything to me because...
04. I vividly remeber reading/seeing it and being absolutely...
05. I was depressed by how...

Talk about:
> the plot
> a character
> the atmosphere
> how you felt
> the effect on you
----- -----
VI. LEARNING A LANGUAGE
01. It's all around you, you hear it all the time. >>> To be immersed in a language
02. To get familiarized after hearing a language for some time. >>> To be exposed to
03. To speak well enough to do things in daily life. >>> To get by
04. When you start to use the language more fluently. >>> To get to grip with
05. To start learning a language. >>> to take up

Eg.: to grip: agarrar/compreender

06.
Travelling helps you learn a language because it's all around you.
Travelling helps you learn a language because you're immersed in it.

07.
I learned a bit of Greek in my trip.
I picked up a bit of Greek in my trip.

08.
I don't speak Spanish very well, but I know the language enough to survive.
I don't have a good command of Spanish but I can get by.

09.
The problem is that they don't speak the same language.
The problem is the language barrier.
----- -----
VII. [page28/number 04]
01. to get to grips with: lidar com
02. to get by: se virar
03. exposure to: exposto a
04. express myself: expressar-me
05. being immersed in
06. have a basic conversation
07. to take up
----- -----
VIII.
01. Importance of English for you
02. What has helped you
03. Your difficulties
04. Other languages